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To determine whether RecA-mediated processes are involved in phase variation, the recA gene of A. The mechanism underlying phase variation is unknown. Variant 4V I displays pleitropic modifications, such as the loss of swimming motility and the inability to assimilate certain sugars compared to the wild type.

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The chapter provides an overview of IoT in e-government across several application domains and explores the aspects that should be considered and managed before it can reach its full potential.The plant-growth promoting rhizobacterium Azospirillum lipoferum strain 4B generates in vitro a stable phase variant designated 4V I at frequencies of 10 −4 to 10 −3 per cell per generation.

With the application of IoT in e-government being at an early stage, it is imperative to investigate these challenges and the ways they could be tackled. IoT adoption in e-government encompasses several challenges of technical as well as organizational, political, and legal nature, which should be addressed for developing efficient applications. This chapter aims to contribute to a better understanding of how IoT can be leveraged. Among the various IoT application settings, e-government seems to be one that can be greatly benefited by the use of IoT, transforming and augmenting public services. Internet of things (IoT) brings unprecedented changes to all contexts of our lives, as they can be informed by smart devices and real-time data. Our aim is to provide a perspective on how every microbiology lab with little costs and efforts can support the teaching of a discipline that will remain independent thanks to the fascination that they will be able to transmit. In this article, we describe how the platform is able to work in synergy with schools teachers, providing engaging activities that can be performed in schools' classrooms. BiOutils, a science communication platform based within a microbiology lab, has been committed to this goal since its creation in 2007. One of the approaches used in this direction is to support the teaching of microbiology in schools. In order to counter this phenomenon, microbiology researchers and passionate scientists have made several efforts to engage and inform the broad public and academic policy-makers about the importance of microbiology as an independent discipline.

This situation has been worsening due to (i) a marginal role of microbiology in academic curricula and (ii) a low or misplaced interest by the public at large towards this field of study. Despite this, its role as an independent discipline has slowly started to fade away. The contribution of microbiology to the scientific advances of modern experimental biology has very often made the difference.